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“The oxidative modification of apolipoprotein (apo) E and lipid peroxidation in human very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) induced by peroxynitrite and cupric ions in vitro were strongly suppressed by enrichment with alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc; 170 microM).”
“The rate of Cu(II) reduction was already high during the lag-phase of the LDL oxidation profile and progressively decreased as alpha-tocopherol concentration decreased.”
Free radical biology & medicine • 1998 | View Paper
“Enriching lipoproteins with alpha-tocopherol considerably increased the rate of CU(II) reduction.”
“The results suggest that alpha-tocopherol plays a triggering role in the lipoprotein oxidation by CU(II) , providing its initial step as follows: alpha TocH + CU(II) --> alpha Toc.”
The Journal of biological chemistry • 1996 | View Paper
“We found that alpha-tocopherol supplementation decreased plasma and LDL oxidizability under strong oxidative conditions when oxidation was initiated by high amounts of Cu2+ or 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH).”
“In LDL, incubation with Cu++ promotes vitamin E consumption at a fast rate, as in micelles, but not the concerted disappearance of lipid hydroperoxides, as in liposomes.”
“Independently from ongoing peroxidation, vitamin E in liposomes also reacts with Cu++ , and it is consumed.”
“These results argue against an involvement of vitamin E , both as antioxidant or pro-oxidant in LDL challenged with Cu++ , and suggest that other factors, besides antioxidant content, must be relevant in determining LDL oxidative resistance.”
Free radical biology & medicine • 1995 | View Paper
“The effects of Cu2+ were inhibited by a number of lipophilic antioxidants, including probucol, vitamin E , butylated hydroxytoluene, and a 21-aminosteroid, U74389G.”