Possible Interaction: Nitric Oxide and Caffeic Acid

“Furthermore, THCA downregulated the levels of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) expression, mucus production and CREB phosphorylation as well as Penh value.”

“ CA was found to diminish nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.”

“Among them, the compounds that most effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production were caffeic acid and methylchlorogenic acid, with IC50 values of 7 μg/mL and 12 μg/mL, respectively.”

“Incubation with CA also led to significantly decreased levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide , acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and ATPase activities.”

“Moreover, CA reduced the percentage of infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per macrophages increasing TNF-α, ROS, NO and reducing IL-10 levels as well as iron availability.”

“Only caffeic acid significantly increased nitric oxide production by infected macrophages.”

“Furthermore, CAFF suppressed caspase‐3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions.”

“Among the metabolites, caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid showed the strongest inhibitory effects on NO production in both cell lines, without having cytotoxic effect.”

“Propolis and caffeic acid inhibited NO production in macrophages, at concentrations without cytotoxicity.”

“The concentrations … and caffeic acid that … NO production were evaluated on intracellular signaling pathways triggered during inflammation, namely p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-jun NH2-terminal … (JNK1/2), the transcription nuclear factor (NF)-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), through Western blot using specific antibodies.”

“ Caffeic acid pre-intake at test doses and post-intake at 2% declined the expression of iNOS, COX-2 and GFAP; and lowered the production of NO and PGE₂ (P < 0.05).”