Possible Interaction: Nitric Oxide and Astaxanthin

“ ASTX ingested alone caused a borderline increase (p=0.054) in serum nitric oxide (NO) levels, whereas DC ingestion lead to small but statistically significant increase in serum NO concentration.”

“Results show that oral astaxanthin administration reduced fasting blood glucose and serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin and nitrate oxide levels in the testis of DM KKAy mice.”

“It was found that AS markedly inhibited elevation of NO and pro-inflammatory mediators.”

“AST treatment inhibited expression of iNOS and COX‐2, and NF‐κB … of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IgE. In addition, AST (5, 10 and 20 μM) … μg/mL)‐induced nitric oxide ( NO ) production, expression of iNOS and COX‐2 … activities in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.”

“ Astaxanthin can reduce the content of NO and 3-NT in renal tissue of CI-AKI, and alleviate the renal injury induced by contrast agents.”

“Treatment with astaxanthin significantly (p < 0.05) reduces the level of MDA, APOP, NO in the cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum in both age groups.”

“ Astaxanthin feeding also increased (P<0.05) the reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in young dogs and decreased (P<0.05) nitric oxide in both young and geriatric dogs.”

“Shrimp extract and commercial astaxanthin showed a suppressive effect on the generation of both free radicals O(-)(2) and NO , while purified shrimp astaxanthin was specific to NO.”

“ Astaxanthin inhibited the expression or formation of nitric oxide (NO), iNOS and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells.”

“ Astaxanthin also suppressed the serum levels of NO , PGE2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta in LPS-administrated mice, and inhibited NF-kappaB activation as well as iNOS promoter activity in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS.”