“However, pretreatment with rapamycin (RAPA, 5 μM, autophagy inducer), LY294002(10 μM, PI3K inhibitor) and Akt inhibitor Ⅳ (0.5 μM, Akt inhibitor) partially abrogates the protective effects of Nar , suggesting that the protective effects of Nar are achieved by activating the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway to inhibit autophagy.”