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“ ATRA treatment induced upregulation of Ape/Ref-1 via a noncanonical signaling pathway, leading to enhanced pro-survival activity counteracting melphalan (an alkylating agent).”
“Prior incubation with ATRA also results in increased cytotoxicity, although to a lesser degree, of phenylketophosphamide and melphalan , neither of which is a substrate for ALDHs.”