Possible Interaction: Manganese and Norepinephrine

“ Mn exposure reduced the evoked release of norepinephrine (NE) and caused decreased protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine (DA) and NE transporters, and DA D1 receptors, along with increased DA D2 receptors.”

“ Manganese concentrations increased in the striatum, the rest of the brain, and in plasma, and regional brain neurotransmitter concentrations, including noradrenaline , dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytrytamine, glutamate, taurine, and γ-amino butyric acid, and the activity of acetylcholinesterase changed.”

“Biochemical results show that manganese significantly decreased tissue levels of norepinephrine and serotonin with increased metabolism of dopamine in the striatum.”

“Extracellular concentrations of NE in the caudate putamen were significantly decreased in response to Mn exposure and ID (p<0.001).”

“These data suggest that Mn exposure results in a decrease in NE uptake and extracellular NE concentrations via altered expression of transport and receptor proteins.”

“ Mn , Mo, and Si at 0.3-3 μmol/L dosedespondently inhibited NE mediated contraction (allp < 0.05).”

“In the isolated vas deferens of the guinea pig, the inhibitory effect of manganese (Mn2+) on contractions induced by norepinephrine decreased when the contractions were induced repeatedly in the presence of Mn2+.”

“In aged rats, manganese (Mn) significantly decreased levels of NA , DA and GSH and increased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio values and DHAA and uric acid levels.”

“The uptake of Mn was also stimulated by NE and ACh.”

“Relaxation rates were also studied and it was found that Mn speeds the relaxation of contractures produced by NA or Ba as long as Mn is present in the bath fluid, but Mn slows relaxation when it is present (presumably) intracellularly.”

“ Mn exposure in either diet group resulted in a significant increase in the DA and NE levels but a decrease in the 5-HT level.”