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“In addition, the levels of TNF‑α and IFN‑γ produced were decreased by application of AST in vivo, and treatment of RBL‑2H3 cells with AST inhibited the release of histamine and β‑hexosaminidase in vitro.”
“Moreover, astaxanthin significantly induced the rapid accumulation of CD8+ T cells in fibrotic kidneys, which was accompanied by elevated expression of IFN-γ.”