Possible Interaction: Glutathione and Vitamin A

“Furthermore, treatment of the enzyme with Na2S and glutathione resulted in a significant increment in catalytic activity toward t-ROL and t-RAL, due to the reconstitution of the native structural organization of the molybdenum centre of molybdopterin cofactor of the desulfo form of xanthine oxidase.”

“In the presence of 1 microM reduced glutathione , micromolar concentrations of retinol stimulated the activity while higher or lower concentrations were less effective.”

“Activation of Kupffer cells by retinol enhanced endotoxin-induced release of GSH and its oxidation severalfold.”

“Bilirubin, thyroxine, lithocholic acid, retinoic acid and retinol are competitive inhibitors with respect to glutathione.”

“The alimentary deficiency of vitamin A causes marked shifts in the metabolism of GSH : the levels of GSH, GSSG and cysteine in the liver increase, while the activities of glutathione-S-transferase (using glycerol as substrate) and gamma-glutamyltransferase in the liver show a rise.”

“Conclusion The RA signaling pathway may not be involved in the β‐carotene‐induced enhancement of GSH levels in RAW264 cells, whereas, like β‐carotene, retinol can enhance the GSH level and GCL expression.”

“ Retinol , but not all‐trans RA, enhanced GSH synthesis and increased GCL expression, similar to that observed with β‐carotene.”

“These observations would emphasize the importance of micronutrient vitamin A in the modulation of biological rhythms of GSH and cellular redox state in liver.”