Possible Interaction: Glutathione and Homocysteine

“It was hypothesised that sufficient Se reduces the flux of HCys through the transsulphuration pathway by decreasing the expression of glutathione (GSH) synthesising enzymes.”

“In the presence of adequate estradiol levels, inverse association was observed between glutathione and homocysteine.”

“A five-day incubation with Hcy (∼25 μM) increased reactive oxygen species, peroxide lipids, as well as 8-hydroxyguanosine levels by twofold, and decreased the endogenous cell antioxidant defenses, that is reduced glutathione , by 50% in Hcy-exposed cultures compared with controls (p < 0.01).”

“ Homocysteine stimulated MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein production in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner in endothelial cells, decreased intracellular glutathione ( GSH ) and protein thiol levels, as well as G6PDH activity and NADPH levels.”

“Intracellular concentrations of glutathione in HeLa cell cultures were lowered after addition of agents mainly exerting oxidative stress ( homocysteine and hydrogen peroxide), whereas thiol reactive oxidative agents (mercury ions, copper ions and hydroquinone) in concentrations not affecting cell growth seemed to stimulate the production of glutathione.”

“The redox state of homocysteine in plasma may be influenced by other thiols (9), such as glutathione , which is involved in maintaining the intracellular thiols in reduced form.”

“In HeLa cell lines with initial low cell density and in an endothelial cell line (ECV 304), even the presence of 100 micromol/l of homocysteine and 10 micromol/l of copper ions inhibited cell growth and decreased the cellular level of glutathione.”

“In an endothelial cell line even the presence of 500 mumol/l of homocysteine and 50 mumol/l of copper ions inhibited the cell growth and decreased the cellular level of glutathione.”

“ GSH levels increased by ˜20% within 24 h exposure to Hcy.”

“ Hcy treatment significantly increased malondialdehyde, nitrite level, acetylcholinestrase activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, glial fibrillary acidic protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and decreased glutathione level indicating oxidative-nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation as compared to control and aCSF-treated groups.”