Possible Interaction: Glutathione and Andrographolide

“ Andro reacted with the thiol group of intracellular GSH , thus disrupting the GSH redox cycle and eventually increasing the level of intracellular ROS.”

“Both APE and AND induced protein expression of heme oxygenase 1 and the glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit and enhanced glutathione content.”

“ Andrographolide strongly induced Nrf2 which in turn modulated enzymes of glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems.”

“Cellular glutathione GSH ) content was increased by andrographolide.”

“ ANDRO initially increased intracellular GSH levels which then decreased later, while inhibition of cellular GSH synthesis by L-Buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) augmented ANDRO-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in Hep3B cells.”

“When the molecular interaction between andrographolide and GSH was investigated under a condition mimicking the in vivo environment, we observed that the level of GSH dropped in the presence of andrographolide.”

“In addition, andrographolide significantly reduced nitrite (p < 0.01 at HD), malondialdehyde (p < 0.01 at HD) and upregulated glutathione (p < 0.01 at HD) in silica challenged animals.”

“Furthermore, 200 mg/kg andrographolide significantly decreased malondialdehyde but increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione , and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase.”

“The casual relationship … indicated that andrographolide (10 and 20μg/ml) appeared to exert the proliferation inhibitory effect through suppression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) activity and depleting GSH by promoting its efflux in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which subsequently resulted in 2.06-2.41 fold increase in ROS accumulation.”

“The activity of SOD, GST, and GSH reductase was also increased in rats dosed with andrographolide (p<0.05).”

“The results showed that andrographolide up-regulated glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalytic and modifier subunits, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and glutathione ( GSH ) S-transferase (GST) Ya/Yb protein and mRNA expression in the liver, heart, and kidneys.”