Possible Interaction: Glutathione and Acetovanillone

“NOX was shown to be activated by oxLDL addition while apocynin inhibited the loss of GSH and cell viability.”

“ Apocynin enhanced intracellular GSH by increasing γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase activity in A549 cells.”

“In control rats, APO treatment increased GSH and Nrf2 mRNA levels and the activities of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (γ-GCL), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).”

“These data indicate that APO is able to increase GSH levels and the activity of proteins involved in its metabolism, which could be associated with its ability to increase the Nrf2 mRNA levels.”

“ Apocynin attenuated the cholesterol oxidation product-induced changes in the programmed cell death-related protein levels, NF-κB activation, production of reactive oxygen species, and depletion of GSH.”

“Thus, it is concluded that, in the diabetic model studied, apocynin extends a beneficial effect on renal glutathione homeostasis.”

“ Apocynin significantly attenuates the impaired glomerular function, concentration of Na(+), K(+), alpha glutathione S-transferase levels in urine and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels in plasma caused by iomeprol.”

“This suggests that apocynin may increase antioxidant defense systems ( GSH ) to limit the degree of ischemia-induced cellular stress.”

“ Apocynin exerted an oxidant effect also in a cell-free system: indeed, in aqueous solution, it evoked a faster oxidation of the thiols glutathione and dithiothreitol, and elicited the generation of reactive oxygen species, mainly superoxide anions.”

“Apocynin induced the activation of both pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle, which was blocked when the cells were incubated with glutathione together with apocynin.”

“In the presence of apocynin , oxidation of GSH was increased seven-fold, and the product of this reaction was identified as GSSG.”