Possible Interaction: Glutamine and Nitric Oxide

“In addition, Gln appears to modulate the synthesis of the gaseous messenger, nitric oxide (NO), by controlling the supply to the cells of its precursor, arginine.”

“Elephant myoglobin in which the E7 distal histidine has been replaced by glutamine reacts with NO 500-1000 times faster than do the native hemoglobins or myoglobins.”

“Furthermore, intraductally administered glutamine increased pig islet resistance toward reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide , and high-dose proinflammatory cytokines.”

“ Glutamine administration markedly alleviated oxidative/nitrosative stress, normalized SOD activity, increased levels of total GSH and blocked NO overproduction as well as the formation of peroxynitrite.”

“ Glutamine administration markedly alleviated histological abnormalities and oxidative stress, normalized SOD activity, and blocked NO overproduction.”

“So, by immunohistochemical analysis and … have clearly showed that glutamine reduces: 1) the histological … gut; 2) the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression; 3) nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) formation; 4) TNF-α and IL-1β …; 5) FasL localization; and 6) alteration of the balance between Bax and Bcl-2.”

“ Gln applied in vivo (via microdialysis) or in vitro (to rat brain cortical slices) reduced NO and cGMP accumulation in the presence and/or absence of ammonia, but not cGMP synthesis induced by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside.”

“Dietary … glutamine reversed both the lower concentrations of protein and DNA in the muscle … liver, as well as the reduced capacity of spreading and synthesizing nitric oxide , hydrogen peroxide, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 in … of peritoneal macrophages obtained from the -GLN group (P<0.05).”

“ Glutamine in vitro supplementation reversed the decrease in IL-6, nitric oxide , and hydrogen peroxide synthesis and the decrease in the capacity to adhere, spread, and phagocytize in animals of the EW group.”

“ L-glutamine increases nitric oxide (NO) formation, and NO inhibits the controlling enzyme of the endothelial leucine-to-glutamate pathway, the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex.”