New biochemical mechanisms of the anticancer effect of Ukrain in the treatment of cancer of the urinary bladder.

 in tumor tissue and the surrounding healthy urinary bladder tissue correlated highly significantly and negatively (r = -0.95).

An Amino Acid Shuffle Activates mTORC1

In this issue, Nicklin et al. (2009) describe a mechanism by which

Characterization of the P2' and P3' specificities of thrombin using fluorescence-quenched substrates and mapping of the subsites by mutagenesis.

 improved the rate of cleavage for peptides with P2' lysine or 

The formation of glutamine and alanine in skeletal muscle.

, lysine, and histidine increased the rates of release of both 

Quercetin enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in MSI colorectal cancer cells through p53 modulation

 increased apoptosis with a significant effect for Q in CO115.

The Complex Mechanism of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Insulin Secretion

Although the addition to pancreatic islets of glutamine alone—which by its conversion to glutamate enormously increases the intracellular concentration of glutamate—does not stimulate insulin release, adding

 or BCH causes a robust stimulation of insulin release.

Leucine meal increases glutamine and total nitrogen release from forearm muscle.

 out of the dominant forearm increased threefold after the ingestion of the 

 meal and increased eightfold over base line after exercise.

Enhanced Glutamine Availability Exerts Different Effects on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle From Healthy and Septic Rats.

) intake may affect the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, 

, and isoleucine), which play a regulatory role in protein turnover.

Metabolic disturbances and defects in insulin secretion in rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes.

, insulin secretion appeared to be also decreased in islets of rats with STZ-NA-induced diabetes.

l-Glutamine regulates amino acid utilization by intestinal bacteria

, valine, ornithine and serine by jejunal or ileal mixed bacteria decreased with the addition of 

Effects of nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis with or without glutamine infusion on acid-base balance, plasma amino acids, and plasma nonesterified fatty acids in sheep.

 with the CS treatment but had no effect (P = 0.89) with the AS treatment.

Antagonistic effects of leucine and glutamine on the mTOR pathway in myogenic C2C12 cells

 have opposite effects on the mTOR pathway.

Glutamine is a key regulator for amino acid-controlled cell growth through the mTOR signaling pathway in rat intestinal epithelial cells.

 inhibited the activation of p70 S6 kinase and phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 induced by arginine or 

Metabolism of amino acids by cultured rat Sertoli cells.

Rational role of amino acids in intestinal epithelial cells (Review).

, an important amino acid that is required for culturing of numerous cell types, including rat intestinal epithelial cells, we have shown that it had an inhibitory effect on 

 arginine-induced activation of the mTOR signaling pathway.

The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release

 alone failed to stimulate proinsulin biosynthesis or insulin release in rat pancreatic islets, but augmented synthesis and secretion evoked by 

Glutamine efflux from astrocytes is mediated by multiple pathways

 efflux was stimulated two‐ to threefold by addition of extracellular neutral amino acids, such as alanine or 

Does enteral glutamine modulate whole-body leucine kinetics in hypercatabolic dogs in a fed state?

We conclude that, in hypercatabolic adult dogs in the fed state,

 supplementation acutely decreases leucine oxidation and improves 

 balance, and may thus preserve body protein.

Negative dromotropic effects of class I antiarrhythmic drugs in anisotropic ventricular muscle.

The decrease of maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) of action potential by F or

 than T propagation; VmaxL/VmaxT was decreased significantly.

Neutral amino acid symport in larval Manduca sexta midgut brush-border membrane vesicles deduced from cation-dependent uptake of leucine, alanine, and phenylalanine.

A 20-fold excess of unlabeled leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, alanine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, and

 and phenylalanine, and six of these amino acids inhibited uptake of alanine, by more than 50% both in the presence and absence of a potassium ion gradient.

A combination of intracellular leucine with either glutamate or aspartate inhibits autophagic proteolysis in isolated rat hepatocytes.

, asparagine or proline (2 mM) inhibited proteolysis by 40-50%.

Regulation of insulin release by factors that also modify glutamate dehydrogenase.

 enhances insulin release and islet glutamate dehydrogenase activity only in the presence of 

Monomethyl succinate alone is as stimulatory of insulin release as

Differences in long-term effects of l-glutamine and d-glucose on insulin release from rat pancreatic islets

After culture in high glutamine (B or C), a combination of

 significantly inhibited release as compared to leucine alone.

Effect of rhatannin on glutamine metabolism in rat liver.

 production rates were enhanced with either 

Multiple effects of leucine on glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin secretion from the perfused rat pancreas.

 (15.0 mmol/liter) reversibly inhibited glucagon secretion evoked by 

 exerted a dual effect on the secretion of glucagon, the inhibitory effect of leucine prevailing at a high concentration of the branched chain amino acid and when glucagon secretion was already stimulated by arginine or 

Multiple requirements for glycogen synthesis by hepatocytes isolated from fasted rats.

Glycogen synthesis from 20 mM dihydroxyacetone proceeds with a pronounced initial lag phase that can be shortened by incubation of cells with

 greatly increased glycogen synthesis from these substrates.

Effect of iodoacetic acid on maintenance of pancreatic endocrine cells of the neonatal rat.

 (10 mM) augmented the stimulatory effect of 

Distinct effects of various amino acids on 45Ca2+ fluxes in rat pancreatic islets.

 was ineffective alone, but triggered a marked increase in 45Ca2+ efflux when combined with 

Muscle glutamine production in diabetic ketoacidotic rats.

 uptake by muscle cells was significantly inhibited by 

, the concentration of which, along with other branched-chain amino acids, is markedly elevated in DKA.

The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on insulin release by neonatal rat B cells in culture.

, whereas that of the 2-keto acid remained almost unchanged irrespective of the presence of glutamine.

Respiration and insulin release in mouse pancreatic islets. Effects of L-leucine and 2-ketoisocaproate in combination with D-glucose and L-glutamine.

This effect was in contrast to that of 16.7 mM glucose, which was a potent stimulator through all the 3 h. Furthermore, the presence of glucose (5.6 mM) or

 or 2-ketoisocaproate enhanced the insulin release and prolonged the stimulation.

Stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release VII. The B-cell memory for L-glutamine.

, however, augments insulin release evoked by 

When the pancreases or islets are first exposed to

, the rate of secretion is much higher than that evoked by L-leucine in tissue not first exposed to L-glutamine.

The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release. Metabolic response of pancreatic islets of L-glutamine and L-leucine.

 markedly enhances insulin release evoked by 

, inhibited the conversion of glutamate to 2-ketoglutarate by transamination, increased the oxidative deamination of L-glutamate, stimulated the recirculation of 2-ketoglutarate to glutamate and inhibited the further oxidative metabolism of 2-ketoglutarate.

Inhibitors and pathways of hepatocytic protein degradation.

The two amino acid-sensitive mechanisms each seen account for about one-half … of relatively stable (long-lived) proteins; one of them is suppressed by

 and apparently corresponds to the formation of electron microscopically visible autophagosomes; … may represent a different type of autophagy, inhibited by asparagine and 

Islet metabolism: recent acquisitions.

 dramatically enhances insulin release evoked by those amino acids which cause allosteric activation of the latter enzyme, e.g. 

The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release. IV. Ionic response to L-Leucine and L-Glutamine.

The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release. Metabolic interaction of L-glutamine and 2-ketoisocaproate in pancreatic islets.

 from 2-ketoisocaproate and inhibited the conversion of the 2-keto acid to acetoacetate and CO2.

Leucine degradation and release of glutamine and alanine by adipose tissue.

 and, to a lesser extent, that of alanine and glutamate (without affecting tissue protein balance or the release of other amino acids).

Production of alanine and glutamine by atrial muscle from fed and fasted rats.

However, in cardiac muscle from fasted rats and rabbits,

 stimulated by about 20% the production of both alanine and 

, probably by providing additional amino groups for transamination with alpha-ketoglutarate.

Alanine and glutamine synthesis and release from skeletal muscle. II. The precursor role of amino acids in alanine and glutamine synthesis.

, valine, methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine, lysine, and phenylalanine increased the rate of 

Effects of glutamine on the two catalytic activities of glutamine synthetase in cultured mouse cells strain L.

 (normally a component of their growth medium) both the transferase (γ-glutamyl transfer) and the synthetase (acyl activation) activities … glutamine synthetase are equally depressed, the transferase being on the whole 5 times higher than the synthetase activity.

Glutaminolysis is involved in the activation of mTORC1 in in vitro‐produced porcine embryos

 supplementation to porcine embryo culture medium improves development, increases 

 consumption, and enhances mitochondrial activity.

The Role of Pi, Glutamine and the Essential Amino Acids in Modulating the Metabolism in Diabetes and Cancer

 entry into cells regulates the cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis and homeostasis in cells.

Heterologous overexpression of a novel halohydrin dehalogenase from Pseudomonas pohangensis and modification of its enantioselectivity by semi-rational protein engineering.

 led to a 2.3-fold increase in enantioselectivity (E-value of 22.2) compared to the wild-type.

L-leucine stimulates glutamate dehydrogenase activity and glutamate synthesis by regulating mTORC1/SIRT4 pathway in pig liver

In the in vivo experiments with either ammonium or alanine as the nitrogen source, addition of

 significantly inhibited ureagenesis and promoted the production of glutamate and 

Targeting glutamine uptake in AML

Thus, the cellular uptake and subsequent rapid efflux of

 make glutamine availability a limiting step for the activation of mTORC1.

Dependence of α-helical and β-sheet amino acid propensities on the overall protein fold type

At buried sites in β-strands, the content of Tyr, Trp,

 and Ser correlates negatively with the content of Val, Ile and 

Glutamine and Leucine Provide Enhanced Protective Immunity Against Mucosal Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Collectively, our results indicate that intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu following HSV-1 mucosal infection could provide beneficial effects … of protective immunity, but dosage and frequency of administration should be carefully considered, because higher frequency and overdose of

, or their combined treatment, … effects to protective immunity.

Regulation of development of leucine uptake activity by glutamine in the scutellum of germinating barley grain.

In separated embryos or scutella, the increases in the

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Possible Interaction: Glutamine and Leucine

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Research Papers that Mention the Interaction