Possible Interaction: Glutamine and Interleukin-10

“ Glutamine supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the release of IL-10 at 4 h and IL-8 at 24 h, compared with conditions without glutamine.”

“… IL-10 … Gln 0.5 h and 2 h groups, especially that of the latter group, were significantly lower than that of the positive control group (… of the high concentration Gln 0.5 h group was still significantly higher than that of the negative control group (P < 0.05).”

“Leukocyte IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA were significantly reduced in Q vs. P (interaction effects, P = 0.019 and 0.012, respectively) with no other leukocyte or muscle mRNA group differences.”

“ Glutamine also increased IL-10 mRNA level in biopsies (P<0.05).”

“We found that glutamine at an optimal concentration (0.6 mM) significantly enhanced PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation as well as Th1 [interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2)] and Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-10 ) production.”

“The availability of glutamine significantly increased the production of interleukin (IL)-2 (2-fold), IL-10 (4-fold) and interferon (IFN)-gamma (4.5-fold) by Con A-stimulated PBMCs.”

“Based on our findings, GLUT at high doses (10 mM) augmented the proliferation of MSCs and modulated immune responses by decreasing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6, and by increasing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β.”

“In the head kidney, glutamine down-regulated the tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 10 gene expressions, phosphorylated and total TOR protein levels, while up-regulated the transforming growth factor β2 gene expression.”

“In the spleen, glutamine down-regulated the expression of the interleukin 1 and interleukin 10 genes , and increased the level of phosphorylation of TOR protein.”

“Arginine only significantly decreased TNF-α mRNA abundance in the ileum, while glutamine significantly decreased both TNF-α and IL-10 mRNA in the ileum.”

“ Glutamine increased IL-10 in peritoneal lavage fluid at 18 hours and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 48 hours, but decreased CINC-1 and IL-6 in BALF and PLF only at 18 hours.”