“Glucose and glucosamine inhibited expression of Pax-3, a gene required for neural tube closure both in vivo and in vitro, and increased neural tube defects (NTDs) in vivo; these effects were prevented by GSH ethyl ester.”
“However, both glucose and glucosamine significantly decreased GSH , and increased oxidative stress, as indicated by 2',7'-dichloro-dihydrofluorescein fluorescence.”