Possible Interaction: Fluorides and Glutathione

“Interestingly, antioxidants (vitamin E and glutathione ) can attenuate the inhibition of the receptor induced by fluoride.”

“A significant decrease in the levels of enzymatic (SOD2, CAT, GPx, and GSTpi class) and nonenzymatic GSH and Vitamin C) antioxidants along with increased ROS, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, and nitrate levels by fluoride were also prevented in these groups.”

“ Fluoride induced oxidative stress through depletion in levels of various anti‐oxidants such as glutathione , superoxide dismutase (SOD), fat soluble vitamins (D and E) with increased levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and fluoride aggravate the damage in rodents as well as in humans.”

“Additionally, fluoride perturbed GSH content and markedly reduced SOD, GPx, GR and CAT activities in brain tissues.”

“The antioxidant potential of … at 10 ppm fluoride concentration and PK at all three dose levels (i.e., 100, 200 and 300 µl) … (p < 0.05) and increased the levels of total ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione , glutathione peroxidase and FRAP values …) in a dose-dependent manner.”

“However, glutathione content was reduced by fluoride (32 and 44%) and ethanol (21 and 40%) treatments after 20 and 40 days, respectively.”

“The glutathione biosynthetic enzymes were inhibited by the exposure to fluoride and the apoptotic genes (caspases 3/7 and apaf-1) were upregulated.”

“When fluoride concentration increased to 20 mg/L, the toxic effect generated by fluoride led to a reduction of chlorophyll, protein, and carbohydrates in H. verticillata, but the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and SOD and the amount of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione ( GSH ) were enhanced significantly.”

“… fluoride in excess of 12 mg/kg induced renal oxidative damage, which was characterized by increasing the levels of … carbonyls (PC), and decreasing the abilities of anti-superoxide anion (ASA) and anti-hydroxyl radical (AHR), glutathione ( GSH ) content, as well as activities and … (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).”

“… fluoride in excess of 12 mg/kg induced renal oxidative damage, which was characterized by increasing the levels of … carbonyls (PC), and decreasing the abilities of anti-superoxide anion (ASA) and anti-hydroxyl radical (AHR), glutathione ( GSH ) content, as well as activities and … (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).”