Possible Interaction: Ethanol and Urea

“Following co-administration of ethanol and an inhibitor of acetaldehyde metabolism, such as disulfiram or calcium carbamide , acetaldehyde blood concentrations may increase 5-10 fold over normal level (reviewed in [1]).”

“Under ethanol an increase of several amino acids and urea levels were observed.”

“Administration of 20% ethanol (5 g/kg b.wt/day) for 60 days resulted in a significant rise in the plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine with decreased levels of uric acid.”

“It was demonstrated that ethanol inhibits State 3 and uncoupled mitochondrial respirations, decreases the accessibility of mitochondrial adenylate kinase localized in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, and suppresses ureagenic respiration and synthesis of urea in cultured hepatocytes.”

“The unidirectional fluxes of urea and sodium were increased slightly in 3% (v/v) ethanol and markedly in 20% (v/v) ethanol, but those of chloride only increased in 20% ethanol.”

“In sham rats urea N appearance was also increased (+39%) following ethanol administration in comparison to sham-operated rats without alcohol, albeit to a lesser degree.”

“Subsequently, the urea N appearance was enhanced (+60%) in uremic rats with alcohol as compared to uremic animals without alcohol.”

“2) The dose-dependent effects of ethanol upon the hepatic level of urea are also shown.”

“A significant decrease by 20 per cent in the liver content of urea is only observed 60 min after the administration of the 50 mmoles/kg ethanol dose. (”

“Addition of ethanol had little effect on either proline uptake or oxygen consumption, but strongly inhibited the production of both urea and glucose and caused further accumulation of glutamate and lactate.”

“The presence of urea decreases the hydrophobic effect of a monovalent alcohol , strongly at low temperatures, to a lesser degree at high temperatures (60 degrees C).”

“ Ethanol extract at 400 mg/kg decreased the … ± 0.09; P<0.001) and urea (32.86 ± 5.88; P<0.001) associated with a significant increase in body weight (7.16 ± … urine volume output (11.95 ± 0.79; P<0.05) as compared to the toxic control group.”