Possible Interaction: Ethanol and Citrulline

“In hepatocytes from fasted rats, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, citrulline , cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline, ornithine and serine increase significantly ethanol consumption.”

“In heterotrophic fermentation experiments, the addition of citrulline increased intracellular ATP by 3.39-fold, significantly enhancing the production of total alcohol (ethanol + butanol) by 20%.”

“Moreover, in the syngas fermentation experiments, the addition of citrulline improved the level of intracellular ATP and the biomass by 80.5% and 31.6%, respectively, resulting in an 18.6% and 60.3% increase in ethanol and the alcohol/acid production ratio, respectively.”

“Trace amounts of the carcinogenic ethyl carbamate can appear in wine as a result of a reaction between ethanol and citrulline , which is produced from arginine degradation by some bacteria used in winemaking.”

“Wine can contain trace amounts of ethyl carbamate (EC), a carcinogen formed when ethanol reacts with carbamyl compounds such as citrulline.”

“Rapid degradation of citrulline in the presence of ethanol by O. oeni m is important from a toxicological point of view, because it is important to keep the EC levels as low as possible.”