Possible Interaction: Epinephrine and Ketamine

“ Ketamine significantly increased brain epinephrine (25%), serotonin (28%) and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (32%) in rats.”

“The increase in epinephrine (13%) and decrease in norepinephrine (31%) and dopamine (38%) levels remained significant 12 hours after ketamine injection.”

“ Ketamine combined with norepinephrine, epinephrine , tyramine, isoproterenol, or dopamine significantly increased dP/dt over control, while only ketamine combined with norepinephrine, epinephrine, and tyramine significantly increased dP/dt compared with these vasoactive amines alone.”

“ Ketamine , according to several investigators, also appears to block reuptake of catecholamines, and when studied was also found to enhance the arrhythmogenicity of epinephrine.”

“These results indicate that drugs like cocaine and ketamine that interfere with intraneuronal uptake can facilitate the development of epinephrine-induced arrhythmias and that the successive pharmacologic interference of intraneuron uptake, COMT, and phosphodiesterase leads to a stepwise increase in the arrhythmogenicity of epinephrine.”

“ Ketamine …), epinephrine (1 X 10(-6) M), isoproterenol (1 X 10(-7) M) and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (AMP; 4 X 10(-3) M) … inhibited the positive inotropic response to increased frequency of stimulation (0.1-3.0 Hz) and to ouabain (3 X 10(-7) M).”