Possible Interaction: Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Gamma-Linolenic Acid

“However, STA (1g/day), in combination with GLA (0.9 g/day), increased the proportion of EPA in some lipid fractions, suggesting that STA-rich plant oils may offer a novel means of increasing EPA status.”

“This effect was prevented by inclusion of EPA in combination with GLA.”

“Multivariable meta-regression showed that longer study duration, γ-linolenic acid (GLA), and the interaction between GLA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were associated with significant decreases in inattention; however, PUFA regimen content was unrelated to changes in hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.”

“A combined … of EPA … GLA did not change the production of PGE1 but decreased the production of PGE2.ConclusionsThese results suggest that modulation of fatty acid composition … PG production by PUFA supplementation is possible in the conjunctival epithelium, which is an important site of inflammation in dry eye syndrome.”

“However, STA (1.0 g/d), in combination with GLA (0.9 g/d), increased the proportion of EPA in PBMC.”

“These data indicate that EPA and GLA , alone or in combination, reduce cell survival by induction of apoptosis.”

“ALA or GLA given as single supplements did not increase LCP omega 3 status, but their combination augmented LCP omega 3 (in CE) and EPA (in fasting TG) to a statistically significant, but nevertheless negligible, extent.”

“In the presence of both GLA and EPA , uptake into phospholipids (particularly phosphatidylcholine) decreased while uptake into triglycerides increased.”

“It was … synergism between eicosapentaenoic acid (… γ-linolenic acid (GLA): dietary supplementation with a combined oil preparation containing 27 mg/ml EPA and 67 mg/ml GLA mixed as … as effective as oils containing either 400 mg/ml EPA or 80 mg/ml GLA mixed as 4% of food.”

“Using the combination of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, GLA seemed to counterbalance partially the inhibitory effect of EPA and DHA on LA desaturation/elongation.”

“Alveolar macrophages were then procured to assess phospholipid fatty acid composition, eicosanoid synthesis after stimulation with endotoxin, superoxide formation and phagocytosis by … of arachidonic acid were significantly (p < .01) lower and levels of eicosapentaenoic and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids were higher after feeding the eicosapentaenoic … gamma-linolenic acid diet ….”

“Macrophages from rats given the eicosapentaenoic with gamma-linolenic acid diet released 35% or 24% more prostaglandin E1 than macrophages from rats given either the linoleic acid or the eicosapentaenoic acid diet, respectively.”