Possible Interaction: Cyclosporine and Palmitic Acid

“Further investigation indicated that palmitic acid induced excessive generation of ROS, while CsA treatment further stimulated this ROS production.”

“Co-… of palmitic acid … CsA resulted in a dose dependent increase in cytotoxicity, suggesting that fatty acid could sensitize cells to CsA-induced cytotoxicity at the therapeutic doses of CsA. A synergized induction of caspase-3/7 activity was also observed, indicating that apoptosis may contribute to the cytotoxicity.”

“Our data suggest that elevated FFA levels, especially saturated FFA such as palmitic acid , may be predisposing factors for CsA toxicity, and patients with underlying diseases that would elevate free fatty acids may be susceptible to CsA-induced toxicity.”

“We demonstrated that CsA reduced cellular oxygen consumption which was further exacerbated by palmitic acid , implicating that impaired mitochondrial respiration might be an underlying mechanism for the enhanced toxicity.”

“The addition of cyclosporine A did not change LC3II/Τοmm20 ratios; but P62 levels were increased after an extended duration of PA exposure, indicating a defect in autophagic activity.”

“We found that 200 μM Ca2+ and 20 μM HDA in the presence of CsA effectively induce high-amplitude swelling of mitochondria both in the case of sucrose and in the ionic incubation medium.”