Possible Interaction: Copper and Sulfamethoxazole

“The addition of Cu obviously promoted the removal efficiencies of SMZ, SMX and SMM, which might be ascribed to the bridging effect of Cu in the bioadsorption of SAs.”

“Co-exposure of sulfamethoxazole and copper elevated the total abundance of ARGs by 1.17-1.51 times by the end of the composting compared to individual addition of sulfamethoxazole or copper.”

“All of these results indicated that the interaction of SMX and Cu was synergistic to amplify the negative effect of SMX on soil microbial biomass, structural composition, and even the enzymatic function.”

“For activities of soil enzymes including β-glucosidase, urease, and protease, clear reducing effects were … soil samples containing 5 or 50 mg kg−1 of SMX, and the interaction of SMX … Cu was significant, particularly in soil samples containing 50 mg …−1 SMX or 500 mg kg−1 Cu.”

“Moreover, the derived ratio of bacteria to fungi decreased significantly with incremental SMX and Cu , and principal component analysis of the PLFAs showed that soil microbial composition was significantly affected by SMX interacted with Cu at 500 mg kg−1.”

“ SMX amendments, particularly in combination with Cu , significantly reduced amounts of the total, bacterial, and fungal phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in soil.”

“However, the sorption of SMX in soil increases strongly (by a factor of 6) in the presence of copper.”