Possible Interaction: Cocaine and Ketamine

“Moreover, ketamine reduced craving for and self‐administration of cocaine in non‐treatment seeking cocaine users.”

“The conclusions are that ketamine dependence is linked with effects that this complex drug has in common with not only cocaine and amphetamine but also with opiates, alcohol and cannabis, as well as the psychological attractions of its distinctive psychedelic properties.”

“This study showed that fetal exposure to ketamine and cocaine in combination was more teratogenic than each drug alone in CF-1 mice.”

“In particular, poly-drug users who consume ketamine in combination with heroin or cocaine presenting to the ED represent a specific target for targeted prevention projects on non-lethal overdoses and suicide attempts.”

“Using an established laboratory model aimed at evaluating … now vs money later, we found that ketamine, … cocaine self-administration by 67% relative to baseline at greater than 24 h post-infusion, the most … human cocaine users and the first to involve mechanisms other than stimulant or dopamine agonist effects.”

“Collectively, we demonstrate that in the absence of physical or psychological stress, adolescent ketamine exposure increases later life preference for the rewarding properties of sucrose and cocaine in a sex- and age-specific manner.”

“Clinical studies have shown ketamine to reduce cocaine and heroin cravings.”

“For … COC (30 mg/kg) or MA (4 mg/kg) groups of mice simultaneously co-treated with KT , the psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion was suppressed by the high dose KT, and the psychostimulant-induced behavioral alterations in the above tests were reversed by both low and high doses of KT.”

“Protein blot analysis showed that ketamine-induced P-450 2B1/2 proteins also decreased in a time-dependent manner in 4 d. In hepatotoxicity …/kg ketamine for 4 d. Treatment of ICR mice with 120 mg/kg cocaine produced a 17% mortality, whereas the same dose of cocaine … ketamine.”

“Treatment … cocaine produced a 76-fold increase in serum alanine aminotransferase …-fold rise in mice pretreated with 80 mg/kg ketamine for 4 d. The present study shows that ketamine induces the expression of multiple … rat liver microsomes and increases CCl4-induced liver toxicity and cocaine-mediated acute toxicity.”

“In conclusion, this study demonstrates that KET pretreatment potentiates the hepatotoxicity of COC as revealed by an array of biochemical and morphological markers most probably due to increase in COC oxidative metabolism.”

“Serum ALT and AST were significantly elevated with the combined KET and COC treatment versus all other treatments.”

“The abuse of KET with COC is currently popular among young abusers therefore; this study was conducted to investigate the possible potentiation of COC-mediated hepatotoxicity (CMH) by KET.”

“The results demonstrate that KET pretreatment potentiated the hepatotoxicity of COC.”

“While COC alone resulted in focal inflammatory cell infiltration, COC administration after KET pretreatment produced sub-massive hepatic necrosis.”