Possible Interaction: Choline and Niacin

“ Nicotinamide supplementation increased the plasma levels of nicotinamide, N1-methylnicotinamide and choline and decreased the levels of betaine, which is associated with a decrease in global hepatic DNA methylation and uracil content in DNA.”

“Furthermore, we found that α7 nicotinic , muscarinic, and opioid-receptors are involved in the antinociceptive effect of choline in the writhing test and the antinociceptive effect produced by systemically administered choline may be via a peripheral mechanism.”

“ Central choline also activates the sympatho-adrenal system by increasing central nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission.”

“Concomitantly, nicotinamide caused increases of the choline levels in the venous brain blood.”

“We conclude that nicotinamide enhances brain choline concentrations by mobilising choline from choline-containing phospholipids, presumably via activation of phospholipase A2, while the formation of NMN does not contribute to this effect.”

“High-choline diet, hypoxia and treatment with nicotinamide increased brain choline availability through a central site of action and increased the CSF choline concentration.”

“The combined administration of choline and nicotinamide had a synergistic effect on brain choline levels but had similar effects as nicotinamide given alone in the behavioral experiments.”

“The combined administration of choline and of a choline transport blocker analogous to nicotinamide may be of potential use in central cholinergic dysfunction.”

“injection of 5 and 10 mmol/kg of nicotinamide caused increases of extracellular choline by 54 and 113%, respectively, and choline levels remained elevated for several hr.”