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“The reduction in withdrawal severity by treatment with choline during the habituation to morphine indicates an inhibition of the development of dependence rather than mere suppression of the signs during withdrawal.”
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics • 1975 | View Paper
“Similarly, coadministration of choline (2 mg/kg) with morphine (0.165 mg/kg) significantly increased the antinociception of morphine in the late phase, but had no effect in the early phase.”
Neurotoxicology and teratology • 1988 | View Paper
“Acute administration of analgesic doses of morphine (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg) significantly stimulated choline uptake into synaptosomes in a naloxone-reversible manner.”
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior • 1982 | View Paper
“The mortality to a combined fixed dose of morphine and choline was reduced by naloxone but not by physostigmine and atropine.”
“The studies revealed that the toxic interaction between morphine and choline treatment was time dependent and that the LD50 of each compound was markedly decreased by the coadministration of increasing doses of the other compound.”
Toxicology and applied pharmacology • 1979 | View Paper
“Administration of pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, morphine , physostigmine, Δ9 THC, hemicholinium-3 and oxotremorine, drugs which decrease ACh turnover and release, caused a reduction in choline uptake.”