Possible Interaction: Choline and Glucose

“Acetyl choline and vasopressin (VP) both potentiate the acute effects of glucose on insulin secretion by generating inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate to release intracellular Ca2+; VP also potentiates sustained insulin secretion by effects on depolarization.”

“When choline was substituted for Na, the efflux rate was decreased, and addition of glucose led to a further decrease.”

“The reduction of choline was significantly related to 2-year improvements in glucose and insulin resistance.”

“ Choline (0.1% or 0.2%) significantly decreased serum total cholesterol by 11%, triglycerides by 21%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 20%, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) by 20%, while increased the glucose and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) values by 11% and 6%, respectively.”

“ Choline induces glucose and insulin intolerance in Pemt−/− mice through modulating plasma glucagon and its action in liver.”

“Intraperitoneal injection of choline (30-90 mg.kg-1) produced a dose-dependent increase in serum insulin, glucose and choline levels in rats.”

“However, when hippocampal acetylcholine release was stimulated either by infusion of scopolamine (0.3microM) or by transferring the mice into a novel environment, the combination of glucose plus choline further increased acetylcholine release to a significant extent.”

“We conclude that low doses of glucose and choline act synergistically to improve memory storage, an effect which is due to facilitation of acetylcholine release.”

“ Glucose significantly reduced the amplitude of the increase in high-affinity choline uptake observed in the trained animals.”

“Choline, an ion often used in vitro as an inert … profound effects on renal metabolism, In weakly buffered systems, added choline results in: (1) marked production … net uptake and metabolism of glucose without affecting metabolism of citrate and pyruvate, or cortical …) an increase in net water uptake by cortex.”

“1) The influence of choline on the nonprotein respiratory quotient (R.Q.) was examined in the albino rats.2) The R.Q. … in the 48-hour-fasted rats the R.Q. was 0.71, indicating that fat was oxidized almost exclusively.3) When choline was injected … administration of glucose ….”