“ Central choline also increases plasma glucagon by augmenting central nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission by acting presynaptically.”
“These data show that choline , CDP-choline or phosphocholine increases plasma glucagon concentrations by increasing peripheral nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic neurotransmissions.”
“ choline (1.5 micromol) administration also increased plasma glucagon ; the effect was blocked by central pretreatment with a neuronal type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (50 microg; i.c.v.)”
“injection of 200-600 micromol/kg of choline , CDP-choline or phosphocholine produced a dose-dependent increase in plasma glucagon and choline concentrations.”