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“Significant reductions in serum carotenoids (P < 0.05 vs. control) were demonstrated for some alleles: beta-carotene and lycopene in E2 and E4; alpha-carotene in E3; cryptoxanthin in E3 and E4; zeaxanthin in E4; lycopene in E2 and E4; and lutein in E2 carriers.”
“Mean levels of individual carotenoids varied up to fourfold ( alpha-carotene : 0.06 micromol l(-1) for men in Murcia, Spain vs. 0.25 micromol l(-1) for vegetarian men living in the UK).”
“… serum carotenoid levels were … cancer risk ( alpha-carotene OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-4.4, beta-carotene OR 7.6, 95% CI 3.1-18.… 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-6.6 and beta-cryptoxanthin OR 7.6, 95% CI 2.7-21.5).”
“… carotenoids (7.6 mg/day of alpha-carotene, 11.9 mg/day of all-trans-beta-carotene, 7.5 mg/day of cis-beta-… in plasma levels of the supplied carotenoids as compared to consumption of a low-carotenoid meal (i.e., 7.2-fold increase in alpha-carotene …).”
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry • 1999 | View Paper
“In terms of nutrients, there were significant inverse associations of RCC risk with consumption of a variety of carotenoids including alpha‐carotene (p < 0.001), beta‐carotene (p = 0.004), beta‐cryptoxanthin (p = 0.01) and lutein (p = 0.005).”