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“Biochemical investigations have shown that the administration of vitamin A acid is associated with elevation of serum levels of retinol and carotene and after high dosage symptoms develop identical with hypervitaminosis A. Several possibilities regarding the mode of action of vitamin A acid are discussed.”
FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology • 2010 | View Paper
“Other retinoids at 10-4 M (retinoic acid and 13-cis-retinoic acid) and lower concentrations (10-7 or 10-9 M) of retinol, retinal and carotenes also inhibited E-rosette formation.”
“Furthermore, the ethanol‐induced liver depletion of total retinoids (432 ± 103 nmol/gm vs. 1,711 ± 103 in controls; p < 0.001) was not corrected (637 ± 149 vs. 2,404 ± 74; p < 0.001), despite the massive supplementation with β‐carotene.”