Possible Interaction: Caffeine and Nicotine

“Smokers often consume more caffeine than non-smokers and the combined effects of these two psychoactive drugs result in an enhanced analgesic effect of nicotine.”

“These data suggest that caffeine consumption can dampen deficits in sensory discrimination related to pain during nicotine deprivation by reducing pain threshold to levels representative of non-smoking controls.”

“Although nicotine and caffeine have separately been shown to acutely increase subjective arousal, their combined effects are unclear.”

“Results indicated significant subjective and cardiovascular effects of nicotine and caffeine individually, with the combination of nicotine and caffeine generally producing additive or greater than additive effects for each measure.”

“These findings suggest that nicotine per se and caffeine generally have additive subjective and cardiovascular effects, and that nicotine may influence subjective stimulation differentially depending on whether a smoker is resting or engaged in casual activity.”

“Aim: To test whether the anorectic effect of nicotine may be amplified by caffeine.”

“ Caffeine and nicotine influenced some subjective and cardiovascular responses, but there were no interaction effects except for diastolic blood pressure.”

“ Caffeine may acutely alter the discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of nicotine , perhaps explaining the association of coffee intake with smoking status.”

“Adding caffeine to 1 and 2 mg nicotine significantly enhanced the thermogenic response, but changing the caffeine dose (from 50 to 100 mg) did not change the thermogenic effect.”

“This finding is partly attributable to the thermogenic effect of nicotine , which may be enhanced by caffeine.”

“ Caffeine maintenance also significantly increased the identification of the low dose of nicotine as a stimulant.”

“ Caffeine maintenance significantly increased ratings of drug effect and stimulated after the high dose of nicotine , and significantly decreased ratings of bad effect after the low dose of nicotine.”

“Epidemiological, clinical and pre-clinical observations suggest that caffeine can potentiate the reinforcing and discriminative effects of nicotine.”

“The results extend recent clinical and preclinical findings by showing that oral caffeine maintenance can potentiate the reinforcing and stimulant subjective effects of nicotine.”

“Significant associations between nicotine and caffeine were seen for most of the subjective measures and for blood pressure responses.”

“Level of depressive mood depended on an interaction of caffeine and nicotine.”

“Results indicated significant thermogenic effects of nicotine and caffeine individually, with the combination of nicotine and caffeine producing additive effects.”

“Heart rate and forearm blood flow also showed a similar response when the combination of caffeine and nicotine was compared with the calculated sum.”

“The combination of caffeine and nicotine increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 10.8 ± 2.0 and 12.4 ± 1.9 mm Hg, respectively.”

“The forearm vasodilator response to mental stress was attenuated by the combination of caffeine and nicotine compared with the sum of both drugs (combination versus sum: Δ forearm blood flow, −0.1 ± 0.3 versus 1.4 ± 0.5 ml/100 ml/min [p < 0.05]).”

“The pressor response … combination of caffeine … nicotine compared with the sum of the separate effects (combination versus sum: Δ diastolic blood pressure, 24.7 ± 1.9 versus 35.….01]; Δ mean arterial pressure, 22.1 ± 2.0 mm Hg versus 28.6 ± 1.6 mm Hg [p < 0.05]).”

“We conclude that the combined administration of caffeine and nicotine shows additive effects on cardiovascular parameters during baseline conditions but less than additive effects during sympathoadrenal stimulation.”