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“Moreover, CA reduced the percentage of infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per macrophages increasing TNF-α, ROS, NO and reducing IL-10 levels as well as iron availability.”
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology • 2019 | View Paper
“Supporting evidence includes the diminished effect of catechols in the presence of EDTA (a potent iron ion chelator) and the observation of a visible band at 450 nm caused by the interaction between caffeic acid and iron ions.”