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“The NF-kappaB inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibited production of both tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-10 (IL-10) induced by Leishmania amastigotes in differentiated U937 cells.”
“Moreover, CA reduced the percentage of infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per macrophages increasing TNF-α, ROS, NO and reducing IL-10 levels as well as iron availability.”
“An in vivo transgenic IL-10 promoter-luciferase-reporter gene based assay revealed that CA inhibits the transcriptional activation of UVB-induced IL-10 promoter.”
“Our results indicated that CA might inhibit IL-10 production by interfering with an early step, prostaglandin E2 synthesis, in the activation of UVB-induced immune suppressive cytokine cascade.”