Possible Interaction: Bupivacaine and Epinephrine

“CONCLUSION: The injection of bupivacaine plus epinephrine during laparoscopic myomectomy is effective in reducing blood loss, total operative and enucleation time, degree of surgical difficulty, and postoperative pain.”

“Conclusions: The admixture of clonidine to bupivacaine plus epinephrine prolongs and enhances brachial plexus blockade.”

“Locally administered intraoperative ketorolac and bupivacaine with epinephrine significantly reduced pain in the postoperative period.”

“ Serum epinephrine , norepinephrine, and cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in the ITB group, independent of CPB times (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05, respectively).”

“Background: We have documented that adrenaline 2.0 µg·ml− 1 markedly improves relief of dynamic pain when added to a thoracic epidural analgesic infusion of bupivacaine 1 mg·ml− 1 and fentanyl 2 µg·ml− 1.”

“We have shown that epinephrine markedly improves the analgesic effect of a thoracic epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl.”

“A disadvantage of bupivacaine with epinephrine is that it produces more perceived pain than does prilocaine plain.”

“RESULTS The reported pain on injection of bu ivacaine wi th epi nephrine wa s significantly greater than that of prilocaine plain.”

“We tested the hypotheses that the primary mechanism of action of epidural fentanyl after cesarean delivery is spinal and that very small dose epidural bupivacaine with epinephrine enhances this effect.”

“ Epinephrine significantly reduced the umbilical venous to maternal arterial bupivacaine concentration (P < .05).”

“Preemptive analgesia using intraarticular bupivacaine and morphine with epinephrine resulted in lower pain scores during the 1st hour after an arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction than did preemptive treatment with bupivacaine and epinephrine or placebo and epinephrine.”