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“The underlying mechanism in HAE is related to bradykinin dysregulation which causes these attacks not to respond to common treatment strategies including epinephrine/corticosteroid or adrenaline.”
Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology • 2021 | View Paper
“With the use of fluorescent Ca(2+) dye, it was found that epinephrine and isoprenaline, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, induced endothelial Ca(2+) influx in the presence of bradykinin.”
Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology • 2008 | View Paper
“Chronically elevated levels of epinephrine , occurring after vagotomy, desensitize peripheral β2‐adrenergic receptors and lead to enhancement of bradykinin hyperalgesia.”