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“An addition of AST decreased the SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities in PC-3 cell line treated with Cu2+ , but had a contrary reaction in RWPE-1 cell lines.”
Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B • 2017 | View Paper
“Increasing either incubation time of Cu(II) and trans-astaxanthin in ethanol or the Cu(II)/astaxanthin ratio results in an increased percentage of cis isomers derived from trans-astaxanthin.”
“It was found that Cu(II) markedly induces the conversion of trans-astaxanthin to its cis forms, which mainly consist of 9-cis-astaxanthin and 13-cis-astaxanthin as suggested by UV-visible spectra and HPLC measurements.”