Possible Interaction: Artemisinin and Iron, Dietary

“Changes in groups receiving both artemisinin and iron gradually became more severe with dose increase.”

“ Artemisinin generates carbon-based free radicals when it reacts with iron , and induces molecular damage and apoptosis.”

“ Artemisinin generates cytotoxic free radicals when it reacts with iron.”

“ Artemisinin reacts with iron to form free radicals that kill cells.”

“ Artemisinin is a chemical compound that reacts with iron to form free radicals which can kill cells.”

“However, artemisinin enhanced the inhibitory effect of iron (50 microM)-ascorbate (500 microM) on ATPase activity (46.3 +/- 3.9 vs 63 +/- 2.1% for basal; 57.2 +/- 2.5 vs 74.8 +/- 2.1% for CaM-activated).”

“ Iron present in hemolyzed plasma could cause the degradation of artemisinin by reductively cleaving the peroxide bridge of artemisinin during sample preparation, which is a significant technical challenge for artemisinin determination.”

“ Iron probably catalyzes the generation of free radicals from artemisinin since alpha-tocopherol antagonizes the thiol-oxidizing activity of artemisinin and since a spin-trapped free radical signal can be seen by electron paramagnetic resonance only when artemisinin is incubated in the presence of iron.”

“Thus, iron plays a role in the mechanisms of action and toxicity of artemisinin.”

“The presence of a higher proportion of iron in SIM as compared to M199 significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of artemisinin in Leishmania promastigotes, and was attributed to a higher degree of iron-mediated cleavage of its EP bridge that led to a higher generation of free radicals.”

“The activation of artemisinin requires the cleavage of the endoperoxide bridge in the presence of iron sources.”