“Both classical analgesics (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioid drugs) and …-lipoic acid can modulate the balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes in …, valdecoxib or some metabolites of analgesic drugs formed by the activity of tissue peroxidases … ulcers, hepatic failure, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, neutropenia, opiate-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance.”