Possible Interaction: Antioxidants and Spermine

“The results are as follows: (1) spermine can promote …, glutathione content and clearance of oxygen radicals; (2) spermine … antioxidant substances , NF-E2-related nuclear factor 2, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, and the mammalian … of ribosomal p70 S6 kinase in the liver and longissimus dorsi of the piglets.”

“Differential influence of exogenous Spm was evident on the functioning of antioxidant system with SOD, GR and APX activities much higher in Spm treated seedlings than CAT and DHAR.”

“These results show that exogenous Spd and Spm effectively upregulated transcriptional levels of antioxidant enzyme genes and improved the defence response of plants under salt stress.”

“On the other hand, Spm significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of antioxidants in the salt-stressed chloroplasts.”

“On the other hand, applied antioxidants spermine 10 mg L(-1) and ascorbic acid 200 mg L(-1)) increased growth and yield of canola plant during the two growing seasons.”

“These results … that Spm could be exerting a certain antioxidant function by protecting the tissues from the metals-induced oxidative damage, though this effect was not enough to completely avoid Cd2+ and Cu2+ effect on certain antioxidant enzymes, though the precise mechanism of protection still needs to be elucidated.”

“Induction of these HR marker genes, including HIN1, by Spm was suppressed by pre-treatment with antioxidants , calcium channel blockers, inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore openings, and blockers of amine oxidase/polyamine oxidase.”