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“ Glu increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induces mitochondrial dysfunction as well as decreasing antioxidant defenses such as glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase activity.”
“ Antioxidants also prevented the delayed cell death caused by lowering the concentration of cystine in the medium to 5 microM. Incubation of the cells with 10 mM Glu caused a marked decrease in cellular GSH levels.”
“The antioxidants vitamin E (10-100 microM), idebenone (0.1-3 microM) and vinpocetine (10-100 microM) also provided marked protection against the cytotoxicity of Glu (10 mM) or quisqualate (1 mM).”
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics • 1989 | View Paper
“Gly and Glu significantly enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, respectively, and increase the total antioxidant capacity of bacteria (P < 0.05).”
“Further, enzymatic antioxidants and functional amino acids were significantly up-regulated, with predominant expression of glutamic acid and alanine.”