Possible Interaction: Ammonium Chloride and Glutamine

“Exposure to 3.5mM ammonium chloride in seawater for 16 or 40 h resulted in a parallel increase in brain ammonia (3-fold) and glutamine (2-fold) and a decrease in brain glutamate (1.3-fold).”

“Incubation of RGM1 cells with ammonium chloride caused a dose-dependent increase in cell death and vacuolation, which were both inhibited by L-Gln.”

“The level of glutamine synthetase activity increased with the addition of ammonium chloride.”

“It is suggested that both ammonium chloride and glucagon exert their effects on glutamine metabolism by increasing the effective activity of mitochondrial glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2.).”

“Low concentrations of ammonium chloride (less than 1 mM) stimulated glucose production from glutamine.”

“The intravenous infusion of ammonium chloride reduced extraction of glutamine from renal blood, yet increased the concentration of free glutamine in renal cortical cells.”

“Different nitrogen sources also affect OTA production with ammonium chloride significantly reducing OTA production, while organic nitrogen sources such as urea and amino acids including phenylalanine, lysine, glutamine and proline induce OTA production.”

“Regardless of the ammonia concentration in the medium, glutamate synthase specific activity was two to five times higher in extracts from elongating cells, incubated … 45 or 70 h. In contrast, there was no apparent difference in glutamine synthetase specific activity with regard to culture age; however, glutamine … ammonium chloride ….”

“ Ammonium chloride (10 mm) increased formation of [(14)C] glutamine , aspartate, citrate, and malate but decreased incorporation into 2-oxoglutarate, alanine, and (14)CO(2).”

“The glutamine synthetase activity from batch-cultured cells decreased with increasing concentration of ammonium chloride in the range of 0.25-5 mumol/mL of medium, which demonstrated a response to environmental supply of a nitrogen source.”

“High levels of ammonium chloride (50 mM) could replace glutamine.”