Possible Interaction: Ammonia and Manganese

“More recently, synergistic actions of ammonia and manganese , a toxic metal that is normally eliminated via the hepatobiliary route and shown to accumulate in brain in liver failure, on the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system were described.”

“Unexpectedly, MN consistently exhibited greater increases in plasma ammonia compared with NN despite the relatively lower accumulation of IMP in skeletal muscle.”

“When cultures were treated separately with 5 mM ammonia and 100 μM manganese for 2 days, the uptake of L-arginine increased by 41% and 57%, respectively.”

“In conclusion, ammonia plus manganese exert additive/synergetic effects on the induction free radicals, mitochondrial inner membrane depolarization and cellular integrity, which may contribute to the tissue injury associated with chronic forms of HE.”

“It was found that co-exposure of the brain mitochondria to Mn and ammonia causes more evident mitochondrial impairment in comparison with Mn and/or ammonia alone.”

“However, with the increase of ammonia concentration, the leaching efficiency of Mn decreases dramatically to 4% due to the formation of double salts.”

“The damage of the structures and the change of the chemical states of manganese might have a negative effect on the ammonia removal.”

“In combination with broken-symmetry density functional theory, our results show that (i) … [Umena Y, et al. (2011) Nature 473(7345):55–60]}; (ii) ammonia … outer manganese (MnA4-W1); and (iii) as W1 is trans to O5, ammonia … resonance and to a small change in the water exchange rates.”

“ Ammonia and manganese act synergistically to activate mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors leading to increased production of neuroactive steroids, many of which (allopregnanolone, THDOC) have potent neuroinhibitory properties resulting from activation of a neuromodulatory site on the GABA‐A receptor (“increased GABAergic tone”).”