Possible Interaction: Ammonia and Glutathione

“In addition, ammonia induced increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased GSH intracellular content, the main antioxidant in CNS.”

“Simultaneously, ammonia facilitates the antioxidant response of the brain, by activating astrocytic transport and export of glutathione , in this way increasing the availability of precursors of neuronal glutathione synthesis.”

“ Ammonia in vitro stimulates GSH synthesis in cultured astrocytes, which may compensate for increased GSH consumption (decreased GSH/GSSG ratio) in neurons.”

“ Ammonia decreased GSH levels and increased cytokine release and NFκB transcriptional activation.”

“ Ammonia increased S100B secretion and decreased glutamate uptake, GS activity and glutathione (GSH) content.”

“A linear relationship was observed between ammonia concentration and the increase in GSH levels.”

“ GSH content in the medium increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in the presence of ammonia.”

“Exposure to ammonia (NH4OH) for 48 h resulted in greater than 50% depletion of the hepatic glutathione pool in Channa punctatus (Bloch).”

“It is concluded that ammonia stress in a freshwater air-breathing teleost is counteracted by the glutathione system of detoxication of xenobiotics and resynthesis of glutathione is induced by short-term exposure to ammonia followed by transfer to ammonia-free water.”