Possible Interaction: Ammonia and Antioxidants

“In addition, ammonia induced increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased GSH intracellular content, the main antioxidant in CNS.”

“Simultaneously, ammonia facilitates the antioxidant response of the brain, by activating astrocytic transport and export of glutathione, in this way increasing the availability of precursors of neuronal glutathione synthesis.”

“These results indicate that ammonia stress can activate intestinal inflammatory reactions, damage the intestinal antioxidant system , and alter intestinal microbial composition, thereby impeding intestinal physiological function and seriously threatening the health of C. fluminea.”

“In … and ammonia … antioxidant enzyme genes (Cu/ZnSOD, CAT, and GPx), apoptosis genes (caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9), as well as inflammatory genes (interleukin [IL]-… and IL-8) and downregulated an anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10), suggesting that apoptosis and inflammation may be related to oxidative stress.”

“These results indicated that hepatic antioxidant responses were activated to alleviate oxidative damages induced by ammonia , in which lower-concentration ammonia only initiate SOD-CAT-GR-G6PDH defense and higher ammonia activated the SOD-CAT-GPx-GSH-GR-G6PDH antioxidant response.”

“The ammonia exposure induced significant alterations in antioxidant responses.”

“ TAS reduced in the tissues considerably after exposure to ammonia.”

“ Ammonia significantly affected the antioxidant system.”

“ Antioxidants significantly blocked the additive effects on the mPT by CKs and ammonia , suggesting that OS represents a major mechanism in the induction of the mPT.”

“Cultures … with anti‐oxidants , including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and vitamin E as well as the MAPKs inhibitors, SB239063 (an inhibitor of …‐MAPK) and SP600125 (an inhibitor of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase), significantly diminished NFκB activation by ammonia , supporting a role of oxidative stress and MAPKs in NFκB activation.”