Possible Interaction: Adenosine Triphosphate and Emodin

“The pharmacological tests showed that emodin significantly activated PPARα/γ and AMPK, decreased fatty acid biosynthesis, and increased intracellular ATP levels.”

“ ATP elicited increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration were reduced by 35 and 60% by 1 and 10 µM emodin , respectively.”

“In addition, emodin prevented the depletion of NAD+ and ATP induced by zinc.”

“Furthermore, emodin altered protein abundance of Bcl-2, Bax and claudin-1 and attenuated EMT caused by ATP.”

“We found that emodin induced apoptosis and significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP release in these cells.”

“ Aloe-emodin caused a time-dependent decrease in intracellular ATP levels, which might be related to direct inhibition of ATP synthase.”

“… ATP (… emodin , in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 of 0.5 μM. Furthermore, emodin reduced the IL-1β release induced by ATP (2 mM) in … suppressed the ROS production and phagocytosis attenuation triggered by ATP (1 mM), with IC50 values of 1 μM and 0.7 μM, respectively.”

“ EMD treatment at 3 daily doses (0.6 or 1.2 mmol/kg) could enhance myocardial mitochondrial ATP generation capacity and antioxidant components in both male and female rat hearts, but it only significantly protected against I-R injury in female hearts.”

“Combined with protoplast flow cytometry and fluorescence, it is revealed that emodin might reduce the synthesis of ATP by lowering the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the subsequent responses.”

“Enzyme kinetic assays showed that emodin inhibited CKII activity as a competitive inhibitor against ATP with a Ki value of 7.2 microM. Collectively, we suggest that emodin is a selective CKII inhibitor, whose action mechanism is mediated through competitively binding to the ATP binding site.”