Possible Interaction: Adenosine Triphosphate and Carnitine

“The ATP concentrations were higher in the patients supplemented with carnitine.”

“L‐carnitine LC ) has been known to reduce reactive oxygen species and enhance adenosine triphosphate production, which contribute to the development of a high‐quality embryo.”

“Any factors affecting L‐C levels may also affect ATP levels.”

“Trimetazidine and l‐carnitine raised the ATP levels of heart and reduced the serum MDA and SOD levels in the aging rats.”

“…,carnitine increased … ATP content of buffalo frozen-thawed sperm (1.32 ± 0.02, 1.34 ± 0.01, 1.37 ± 0.01 mM/L and 4.1 ± … ± 0.1 and 8.2 ± 0.4 nM × 108 sperm; P < 0.01, respectively, with 0, 2.5- and 7.5-mM carnitine).”

“In the presence of ATP and CoA, L‐carnitine stimulated oleic acid oxidation and suppressed the oleic acid‐induced depolarization, swelling, and Cyt.”

“3NP‐induced swelling was suppressed by bovine serum albumin, inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and by an inhibitor of classic MPT, cyclosporin A. Furthermore, LC suppressed the changes brought about by 3NP in mitochondrial functions in the presence of ATP.”

“ Carnitine also inhibited the oxygen consumption and ATP concentrations of intact spermatozoa, and caused a reduction in intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations.”

“Such an effect requires ATP and the L‐carnitine efficiency strongly decreases when ATP is omitted, Oleate influences the mitochondria in a fashion opposite to that of L‐carnitine.”

“The removal by means of carnitine plus ATP of a minor fraction of these bound FFA transfers the mitochondria from an uncoupled to a coupled state.”