Possible Interaction: Adenosine Triphosphate and Berberine

“Both metformin and berberine decreased the intercellular adenosine triphosphate content, enhanced glucose consumption, and lactate release under all three preincubation glucose concentrations regardless of AMPK activity.”

“Mechanistic studies revealed that berberine decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP levels and induced potent AMPK activation, as shown by phosphorylation of AMPK α subunit at Thr-172 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) at Ser79.”

“Glycolysis of M1 suppressed by BBR through decreasing lactate export, glucose consumption, and increasing intracellular ATP content, which was remarkably reversed by Compound C. These findings indicated that anti-arthritis effect of BBR is associated with regulating energy metabolism of macrophages through AMPK/HIF-1α pathway.”

“Furthermore, BBR suppressed bacterial ATP production and NADH levels, resulting in increased butyryl-CoA and, eventually, butyrate production via upregulating phosphotransbutyrylase/butyrate kinase and butyryl-CoA:acetate-CoA transferase in bacteria.”

“Moreover, the Papp (AP-BL) values of berberine and glycyrrhizic acid were significantly reduced when co-incubation with an ATP inhibitor.”

“In cultured hepatocytes, BBR inhibited oxygen consumption and reduced intracellular adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) level.”

“Moreover, BBR inhibited mitochondrial complex I-dependent oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis of liver and gut, but no impact on activities of complex II, III and IV.”

“Notably, the results of luminescence ATP detection assay and glucose uptake assay showed that BBR also significantly inhibited ATP synthesis and markedly decreased the glucose uptake ability, which suggested that the antitumor effect of BBR may occur via reversal of the Warburg effect.”

“ Berberine stimulates glycolysis for ATP production that offsets the cell toxicity after mitochondria inhibition.”