Possible Interaction: Adenosine and Norepinephrine

“A significant increase in plasma noradrenaline on standing was also found with adenosine compared with saline (6.37 +/- 2.86 vs. 4.77 +/- 1.79 nmol 1(-1); P less than 0.05).”

“ Adenosine modulates different neurotransmitter systems in medulla oblongata, specially glutamate and noradrenaline in the nucleus tractussolitarii, which are involved in hypotensive responses.”

“These results indicate that adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine probably reduce norepinephrine outflow through their action on presynaptic purinoceptors on noradrenergic neurons and thereby cause prolongation of immobility in animals.”

“ Adenosine is also known to reduce the release of noradrenaline , production of endothelin and attenuate the activation of renin-angiotensin system all of which are believed to cause cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling.”

“Endogenous adenosine systems contribute to antinociceptive properties of caffeine, opioids, noradrenaline , 5-hydroxytryptamine, tricyclic antidepressants and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.”

“ Adenosine inhibits noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerve endings, causes vasodilatation via endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent actions, has important anti-arrhythmic properties and prevents deleterious sequelae of ischaemia.”

“PGE2 and adenosine locally formed in the kidney by renal nerve stimulation inhibits noradrenaline release through activation of their specific prejunctional receptor system (transjunctional inhibition).”

“Thus, a decrease in pH, hyperosmolarity, moderate increases in the concentration of K+ ion, adenosine and adenine nucleotides depress the release of norepinephrine at any given level of sympathetic nerve activity.”

“CONCLUSION Adenosine is an established suppressor of the effects of norepinephrine and tumor necrosis factor–α The increased plasma concentrations of adenosine in preeclampsia might serve to counteract further progression of the complication.”

“ Adenosine release due to tissue ischemia may participate in reducing norepinephrine release locally, and activation of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, perhaps in patients with certain but as yet undefined cardiac pathology, may be responsible for sudden dialysis hypotension.”