Continuous intravenous infusion of ATP in humans yields large expansions of erythrocyte ATP pools but extracellular ATP pools are elevated only at the start followed by rapid declines

Rapid degradation of intravenously administered

 and subsequent accumulation of ATP inside erythrocytes indicate the existence of very effective mechanisms for uptake of adenosine from blood plasma.

Coffee, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and the purinergic system.

They regulate many pathological processes, since

, for instance, can limit the damage caused by 

 in the excitotoxicity from the neuronal cells.

Divergent regulatory roles of extracellular ATP in the degranulation response of mouse bone marrow‐derived mast cells

Contractile effects and receptor analysis of adenosine-receptors in human detrusor muscle from stable and neuropathic bladders

 also reduced nerve-mediated contractions, by an A1- dependent action suppressing 

Differential impact of adenosine nucleotides released by osteocytes on breast cancer growth and bone metastasis

 promoted anchorage-independent growth of MDA-MB-231 cells.

Inhibition of Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation by Adenosine and Inosine: Studies on Their Relative Contribution and Molecular Modeling

 and inosine inhibited platelet aggregation and 

Vas deferens neuro-effector junction: From kymographic tracings to structural biology principles

 (its metabolic byproduct) are powerful presynaptic regulators of co-transmitter actions.

Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Cardioprotection

 is a purine nucleoside, which is produced primarily through the metabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), therefore its levels increase during stressful situations when 

ATP and adenosine in the local regulation of water transport and homeostasis by the kidney.

, as well as other factors involved in the regulation of CD function, are outlined.

Enhanced IFNγ production in adenosine‐treated CHOCells: A mechanistic study

 is also known to increase intracellular 

Volume transmission in activity-dependent regulation of myelinating glia

 have opposite effects on differentiation of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, providing a possible explanation for the opposite effects of impulse activity reported on myelination in the CNS and PNS.

Heteromeric association creates a P2Y-like adenosine receptor

 functions as an excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system, little is known about the ability of P1 and P2 receptors to form new functional structures such as a heteromer to control the complex purinergic cascade.

Degradation of myocardial high-energy phosphates during twenty-four hours of cold storage. Effects of cardioplegic versus noncardioplegic arrest.

 proceeded far beyond the level of the nucleotides (63% +/- 17% … the total sum of purines), resulting in an accumulation of 

 and inosine (5% +/- 4% and 30% +/- 13% of the total sum of purines) and even of hypoxanthine (1% +/- 1% of the total sum of purines).

Adenosine Receptors

Because of its close structural and metabolic relationship to ATP,

 has a role that is closely intertwined with the roles of intracellular and extracellular 

Concentration of nucleotides and deoxynucleotides in peripheral and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mammalian lymphocytes. Effects of adenosine and deoxyadenosine.

 concentration in porcine and equine, but not in human lymphocytes.

Local regulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue by fatty acids, prostaglandins and adenosine.

Adenosine does not appear to act as a feed-back regulator in the strict sense but the formation of

 may be enhanced under conditions of lipolysis because of simultaneously occurring breakdown of 

Use of Hyla cinerea in Assay of Melanophorotropic Potency of ACTH

 level in liver and spleen of normal, tumor-bearing, and pregnant animals, but, at least in the case of normal and tumor-bearing mice, has no effect on muscle nucleotide.

Chlorinated adenosine analogue induces AMPK and autophagy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells during therapy

Previously, we demonstrated that treatment with

Potential Benefits of Ticagrelor beyond Platelet Inhibition

 levels by inhibiting adenosine reuptake in red blood cells [9] and can also induce 

 release from human red blood cells [10] .

Regulation of innate immunity by the nucleotide pathway in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

 in the regulation of innate immunity and minimize the effect of 

Adenosine metabolism and its effect on methylation potential in cultured cells: methodological considerations.

 (1mM) resulted in a time-dependent increase in intracellular adenosine, inosine, AMP, 

Elucidation of the active conformation of the APS-kinase domain of human PAPS synthetase 1.

 is then further phosphorylated on its 3'-hydroxyl group by an additional 

GTP induces S-phase cell-cycle arrest and inhibits DNA synthesis in K562 cells but not in normal human peripheral lymphocytes.

, as an inhibitor of Guo transporter system, markedly reduced the 

 effects in K562 cells, suggesting that the extracellular degradation of GTP or its final conversion to Guo may account for the mechanism of GTP effects.

Inhibitory effects of extracellular adenosine triphosphate on growth of esophageal carcinoma cells.

The distribution of cell cycle phase … changed, when being exposed to

 or ADO at the concentrations … for 48 h. ATP and 

 inhibited the cell proliferation by changing the distribution of cell cycle phase via … ADO, 1 mmol/L) or S phase (ATP, 0.1 mmol/L) arrest.

Limiting the Damage

monocyte adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate

 (cAMP) content, elicited a biphasic intracellular calcium signal, stimulated pseudopodial retraction, and promoted nondirectional cell migration.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents inhibit stimulated neutrophil adhesion to endothelium: Adenosine dependent and independent mechanisms

 were responsible for inhibition of neutrophil adhesion to endothelium, we determined whether addition of adenosine deaminase (ADA, 0.125 IU/… enzyme that converts extracellular adenosine to its inactive metabolite, inosine, affected inhibition of neutrophil adhesion to endothelium by stimulated neutrophils.

Potentiation of ATP-induced Ca2+ mobilisation in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Adenosine (10 nM-10 microM) had no effect on resting [Ca2+]i, but potentiated a sub-threshold response to ATP (100 nM) when

Role of Estrogen Receptor in the Regulation of Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase and Adenosine in Breast Cancer

Results: ER-negative cells express high eN protein and mRNA levels and produce up to 104-fold more

Stress-induced ATP release from and growth modulation of human lens and retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Both cell types were found to proliferate in serum-free medium, and the addition of

 at concentrations as low as 0.1 nM inhibited growth.

Examination of the kinetic mechanism of mitogen-activated protein kinase activated protein kinase-2.

 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate (AMPPNP) and a staurosporine analog (K252a), can inhibit this ATP-dependent binding providing further evidence that the peptide substrate binds preferably to the E:ATP complex.

Maintenance of ATP favours apoptosis over necrosis triggered by benzamide riboside

 prevented necrosis and favoured apoptosis.

Adenine nucleotide synthesis in human erythrocytes depends on the mode of supplementation of cell suspension with adenosine.

In the presence of 25-50 mmol/l orthophosphate, addition of a single dose of

 into erythrocyte suspension increased the 

 concentration by up to 280% of the initial level.

Pharmacological profile of a novel cyclic AMP‐linked P2 receptor on undifferentiated HL‐60 leukemia cells

 (AMPS; IC50 = 343±142 μm) inhibited cyclic AMP production by a submaximal concentration of 

Intracoronary administration of adenosine triphosphate increases myocardial adenosine levels and coronary blood flow in man.

 concentration increased [from 21 +/- 15 to 178 +/- 15 pmol/ml (p < 0.05) 10 sec after the injection of 

 (0.4 mg)] and there were marked reductions in both aortic blood pressure and heart rate.

 for 1 min increased coronary blood flow velocity and coronary arteriovenous differences in 

 concentration from 25 +/- 14 to 71 +/- 13 pmol/ml (p < 0.05) in 10 patients.

These results indicate that intracoronary administration of

 immediately increases coronary blood flow and the 

 concentration of coronary venous blood, which returns to the baseline level thereafter.

[Energy-dependent processes and metabolism of adenylates in human erythrocytes].

 added to the erythrocyte suspension increases the adenylate pool, maintains a high intracellular 

 level for 6-8 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C and diminishes the amphotericin B-induced leakage of K+.

Biphasic effect of ATP on neutrophil functions mediated by P2U and adenosine A2A receptors.

In addition, the inhibitory effects of ATP and ADP on the oxidative burst were virtually abolished by 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5,…-[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5] quinazolin-5-imine monomethanesulfonate (CGS 15943), a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, whereas the priming effect of

How do antisense oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit the growth of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells?

Although we have not tested whether the TAT sequence may be directly inhibiting ~210b'"~ ' kinase activity, it is interesting to speculate whether the presence of

 in the TAT sequence may be acting as an active site competitive inhibitor of 

[Hypotension controlled with ATP in orthopedic surgery: incidence of atrio-ventricular conduction disorders].

Atrio-Ventricular (A-V) conduction disturbances have been observed after

Increase of ATP level in human erythrocytes induced by S-adenosyl-L-methionine.

Formation and degradation of deoxyadenosine nucleotides in inherited adenosine deaminase deficiency

 at high concentrations in vitro increased both dATP and 

 levels and decreased intracellular deoxyadenosine levels.

On the molecular sieving property of the human erythrocyte membrane. Localization of some proteins within the cell.

The membrane of swollen erythrocytes was found to be more resistant to hypotonicity at 37 degrees C than at 0 degrees C either in the presence or absence of added glucose and even more resistant if

 formation was stimulated by preincubation of the sedimented cells with 

Selective suppression of blastogenesis induced by different mitogens: effect of noncyclic adenosine-containing compounds.

 inhibits lymphocyte proliferation via generation of 

Storage of Human Platelets: Effects on Metabolically Active ATP and on the Release Reaction

Metabolic dependence of red cell deformability.

 produced significant reversal of these changes, even in the presence of ouabain.

Biochemical analysis of ectonucleotidases on primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells and in silico investigation of their role in vascular diseases.

Purinergic signalling plays a key role in vascular tonus control, ATP being an inductor of vasoconstriction, whereas

 mediates a vasodilation effect antagonising the 

Spatial Distribution and Expression of Ectonucleotidases in Rat Hippocampus After Removal of Ovaries and Estradiol Replacement

 are interconnected by ectonucleotidase enzymes, which convert ATP to adenosine.

A Critical Role for Purinergic Signalling in the Mechanisms Underlying Generation of BOLD fMRI Responses

 breakdown could result in accumulation of 

Hydrolysis of Extracellular ATP by Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase (ENTPD) Establishes the Set Point for Fibrotic Activity of Cardiac Fibroblasts*

, a product of ATP hydrolysis by ENTPD, acts via A2B receptors to counterbalance the pro-fibrotic response to 

The regulation of ATP release from the urothelium by adenosine and transepithelial potential

, a breakdown product of ATP, is a potent inhibitor of stretch‐induced 

 release, acting through and A1 receptor; endogenous levels are about 0.6μM. Data are consistent with ATP release relying on the rise of intracellular Ca2+.

Adenosine Enhances Sweet Taste through A2B Receptors in the Taste Bud

 release evoked by sweet but not bitter taste stimuli.

Purinergic P2X, P2Y and adenosine receptors differentially modulate hippocampal gamma oscillations

 suppressed ACh-induced oscillations through both 

Dimerization of G protein-coupled purinergic receptors: increasing the diversity of purinergic receptor signal responses and receptor functions

 is likely to be more and more intimate than simply being a metabolite of the other.

Sleep and Brain Energy Levels: ATP Changes during Sleep

 into basal forebrain during the normally active dark period also increases 

The role of sarcolipin and ATP in the transport of phosphate ion into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The dependence of the conductivity on the ATP concentration satisfies the Michaelis-…, with an association constant of 0.1 microM. Phenylphosphonium ion and

 exert an inhibitory effect on … permeabilization to phosphate ions by 

 if they are added before ATP, but … if they are added after it.

Ca-dependent Nonsecretory Vesicle Fusion in a Secretory Cell

In patch recordings, but not whole-cell recordings, fusion can be strongly reduced by

 removal and by the nonspecific PI-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and 

Enigmatic effect of cellular ATP on fatty acid biosynthesis

 was manipulated by adding increasing concentrations of cycloheximide, amytal, atractyloside, 2,4‐dinitrophenol or 

Co-localization and functional cross-talk between A1 and P2Y1 purine receptors in rat hippocampus

 functions as an excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system, recent data suggest the existence of a heterodimerization and a functional interaction between P1 and P2 receptors in the brain.

The results demonstrated an A1–P2Y1 receptor co‐localization at glutamatergic synapses and surrounding astrocytes and a functional interaction between these receptors in hippocampus, suggesting

 can interact in purine‐mediated signalling.

Mitochondria play an important role in adenosine-induced ATP release from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells.

 release from Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, by activating an Ins(1,4,5)P(3) sensitive-calcium (Ca(2+)) pathway through the stimulation of A(1) receptors.

A delayed ATP‐elicited K+ current in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from mouse aorta

Adenosine alone failed to elicit a Ca2+‐independent K+ current but simultaneous application of

Comparative genomic and expression analysis of the conserved NTPDase gene family in Xenopus.

, regulate the rundown of swimming and we therefore proposed that ectonucleotidase proteins are key regulators of locomotor activity.

Cosignaling of adenosine and adenosine triphosphate in hypobaric hypoxia-induced hypothermia.

These results suggest that suramin potentiates the CGS-15943 effects and consequently that

Endogenous activation of adenosine A(1) receptors accelerates ischemic suppression of spontaneous electrocortical activity.

It was found in vitro during ischemia that the rapidly formed

, resulting from the intracellular breakdown of 

, may inhibit synaptic transmission via the A(1) receptor subtype.

Negative cross‐talk between presynaptic adenosine and acetylcholine receptors

Moreover, the occlusion was receptor‐specific as

Adenosine down-regulates giant depolarizing potentials in the developing rat hippocampus by exerting a negative control on glutamatergic inputs.

 also contributed to the depressant effect of 

 as indicated by DPCPX-sensitive changes of ATP-induced reduction of GDP frequency.

Adenosine induces ATP release via an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling pathway in MDCK cells.

 by activating an Ins(1,4,5)P3 sensitive-Ca2+ pathway through the stimulation of A1 receptors.

Control of adenine nucleotide metabolism and glycolysis in vertebrate skeletal muscle during exercise

 turnover in contracting muscle will cause an increase in the contents of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 

 (AMP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), metabolites that are substrates and activators of regulatory enzymes such as glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase.

Does conversion of ATP to adenosine terminate ATP-stimulated vasopressin release from hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal explants?

We conclude that an … inhibitory influence of

 decreases basal VP release from HNS … and that conversion of exogenously applied 

 to adenosine contributes to termination of ATP-induced stimulation of VP release, but additional mechanisms such as receptor desensitization also limit the response to extended exposure to ATP.

Enhancement of cellular adenosine triphosphate levels in PC12 cells by 2,5-dideoxyadenosine, a P-site inhibitor of adenylate cyclase.

 level-enhancing effect of DDA was further enhanced by 

Extracellular ATP opposes thrombin-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation and loss of barrier integrity in corneal endothelial cells.

 also led to a significant increase in cAMP (> 3-fold compared to 10 microM 

Involvement of purine compounds in the inotropic action of milrinone

Both in spontaneously beating and in electrically driven atria,

 evoked a dual effect: a first negative phase characterized by a reduction in contractile force, followed by a positive phase of increased inotropism.

P2X7 Receptor Stimulation of Membrane Internalization in a Thyrocyte Cell Line

 on membrane conductance were mimicked by 2′,3′-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP, but not by UTP, adenosine, or 2-methylthio-ATP, and were inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′4′-disulfonic acid, 

 5′-triphosphate-2′3′-dialdehyde, and Cu2+.

Pharmacological characterisation of the adenosine receptor mediating increased ion transport in the mouse isolated trachea and the effect of allergen challenge

 caused increases in short‐circuit current (ISC) that corresponded to approximately 50% of the response to the most efficacious secretogogue, 

Regulation of the muscarinic K+ channel by extracellular ATP through membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate in guinea‐pig atrial myocytes

 (100 μM) was partially reduced by pretreatment of atrial myocytes with 

 (100 μM) and was largely abolished by a further addition of wortmannin (50 μM) in the presence of ATP (100 μM).

Cardioprotective effects of adenosine A1 and A 3 receptor activation during hypoxia in isolated rat cardiac myocytes

In stress conditions, like hypoxia or ischemia, the concentration of

 in the extracellular fluid rises dramatically, mainly through the breakdown of 

Modulation of ischemia by regulation of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel

Among the proposals are that, in addition to the total concentration of

, there is modulation of the regulation by its breakdown products, such as ADP and 

P1-purinoceptor-mediated modulation of neural noradrenaline and ATP release in guinea-pig vas deferens

 (1–100 μM) again reduced the evoked overflow of tritium and 

, and so did the A1-selective agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA; 0.032–0.32 μM).

 and CCPA decreased the evoked overflow of 

 to a greater extent than the evoked overflow of tritrium.

 (10–100 μM) did not change evoked contractions but reduced the evoked overflow of tritium and 

Phosphorylated Derivatives That Activate or Inhibit Mammalian Adenosine Kinase Provide Insights into the Role of Pentavalent Ions in AK Catalysis

This interaction likely facilitates the transfer of γ-phosphate from

, thus accounting for the stimulating role of PVI in AK catalysis.

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Possible Interaction: Adenosine and Adenosine Triphosphate

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Research Papers that Mention the Interaction