Possible Interaction: Acetylcarnitine and Ketamine

“Combined, ketamine and ALCAR counter-balanced ROS generation in the larvae suggesting that ketamine and ALCAR have opposing effects on mitochondrial metabolism, which may be key to maintaining ROS homeostasis in the larvae and affords ALCAR the ability to prevent ketamine toxicity.”

“ Ketamine reduced total mitochondrial protein levels and mitochondrial potential, which were prevented with ALCAR co-treatment.”

“ ALCAR reversed cardiotoxicity and developmental toxicity in the embryos exposed to verapamil or verapamil plus ketamine , even in the presence of 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzoic acid 8‐(diethylamino)octyl ester, an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ release suggesting that ALCAR acts via effectors downstream of Ca2+.”

“ ALCAR has been shown to prevent ketamine toxicity in mammal and zebrafish.”

“ ALCAR reversed the effects of 2 mM ketamine not only by restoring 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels but also 5-HT turnover rate to control levels.”

“In both mammals and zebrafish, acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR ) has been shown to be protective against ketamine toxicity.”

“These results indicate that ketamine and ALCAR have opposing effects on the zebrafish serotonergic system.”