“…,astaxanthin was shown to reduce the apoptosis of RGCs and … levels of oxidative stress markers, including superoxide anion, malondialdehyde ( MDA , a marker of lipid peroxidation), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, indicator of oxidative DNA …) and MnSOD (manganese superoxide dismutase) activity in the retinal tissue of db/db mouse.”